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Copper
Chemical Formula	Cu
Species	Native Elements
Crystal System	Isometric
Mohs Scale	2-3
Specific Gravity	8.93
Color	Copper-red. Tarnishes to black or green in air.
Streak	Copper-red
Luster	Metallic
Diaphaneity	Opaque
Cleavage	None ObservedNone
Fracture	Hackly
Crystal Habit：Cubes, dodecahedra, and as tetrahexahedra; rarely as octahedra and complex combinations. Filliform, herringbone, arborescent, wires and massive.
Geological Setting：In the oxidation zone above sulfide copper deposits, basalts, and sedimentary rocks (Red Bed deposits), rarely in meteorites.

Natural copper

Sulfide minerals pyrite pyrite group. The main content of pyrite ( FeS2 )

Applied science:

Traditional Chinese medicine ( a subject ); Pharmacy ( two subjects ); traditional Chinese medicine ( three subjects )

The above content by the National Committee for terms in sciences and technologies validation published

Mineral business card

Natural copper sulfides ore minerals pyrite. Aka chalcedony lead ( " thunder gun sunburning theory " ), ( " square copper pharmacognosy " ). ( FeS2 ) containing pyrite ore. After the excavation to remove impurities, cleaning, drying, smashing; or to fire the calcined, vinegar quenching to the surface is dark brown, shiny, crisp, dry disappear as grinding, coarse powder. There is blood stasis pain, bone continued reinforcement effect.

Minerals

Natural bronze and iron elements in nature natural production of various sheet, plate, massive aggregate. No oxidation of the natural copper surface is red, with a metallic luster. But because the oxidation of reasons, usually natural copper brown black or green. Natural copper often contain trace elements such as iron, silver and gold. Copper is an important metal, has a very wide use.

Crystal chemistry

Native copper often containing small or trace Fe, Ag, Au, Hg, Bi, Sb, V, Ge, Fe elements; in 2.5% the following, Ag is mostly natural silver wrap things up to 2~3%, Au solid solution. Secondary nature is pure copper.

Chemical composition

The iron containing pyrite, sulfur 46.6%, 53.4%. Also contains copper, nickel, arsenic, antimony and other impurities, but also do not contain.

Structure and morphology

Isometric system [1], Oh5-Fm3m; a0=0.361nm; Z=4. Atoms are the most compact of cubic cubic unit cell, is located in the apical angles and each face center, which according to the FCC arranged copper type structure. Six eight octahedral crystal class, Oh-m3m ( 3L44L36L29PC ). Perfect crystal rare. Main form: cube a, diamond twelve D, eight o, four six h can also be. Twinning plane according to (111 ), a simple contact twin generally, also have the interpenetration twin. Aggregates are usually irregular dendrimers, flake or twisted copper wire, fiber shape. Secondary natural copper with coarse powder or flake, veinlets dense block, etc..

Morphological characteristics

Crystal structure of cubic system. Crystal cube, a five angular twelve surface and the eight surface of the crystal

Natural copper (raw materials)

Shape, in the cube or five angle twelve octahedral crystal surface with stripes, two adjacent crystal surface stripe perpendicular to each other. Aggregate is dense block, disseminated tuberculosis and spherical body. Medicinal more for the cube. Pale yellow color, the surface often with tawny tarnish. Green black streak. Strong metallic luster. The hardness of 6 ~ 6.5, brittle. The relative density of 49～ 52. No cleavage, fracture is uneven. Pyrite is the most widely distributed of sulfide in the earth's crust, visible in various rock and ore, but from the volcano sedimentary and volcano hydrothermal formation. Exogenous origin found in sedimentary rocks, sedimentary pyrite ore and coal seam, the pyrite formed is dense block and nodules. Produced in Liaoning, Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan etc.. Huang Tiekuang in the oxidation zone is not stable, easy to decompose to form a variety of iron sulfate and hydroxides. Iron hydroxide limonite. But retains the illusion of pyrite. At present, Yunnan, Guangdong Province to the individual regions has become the pyrite limonite called " soil and copper ". Whether its efficacy and pyrite as worthy of study.

Occurrence combination

The geological conditions of the product, formed in primary hydrothermal deposit; also found in copper sulfide oxidation with lower, often with hematite, malachite, chalcocite associated, by reducing a copper sulfide:

CuFeS2 ( 4O2 CuSO4 FeSO4 chalcopyrite );

2CuSO4 2FeSO4 H2O; Cu2O ( cuprite ) Fe2 ( SO4 ) 3 H2SO4

Cu2O H2SO4; CuSO4 H2O Cu ( copper )

Copper is also sometimes metasomatic glutenite cements, appeared in the copper sandstone in. In the oxidation under unstable conditions, often into the copper oxides and carbonates, such as red copper ( Cu2O ), black copper ( CuO ), malachite, azurite etc..

Processing methods

Natural copper

" St. Francis. ": " washed to ash. " " Benshi Fang ": " research complex, very fine degree. " Current, raw herbs, removing impurities, cleaning, drying the big beat. Health products quality hard, inconvenience of crushing and fried; multiple tempering is used as medicine, few students.

Calcined Pyritum

" Party ": " physical wound Sonchus asper calcined deposit. " " St. Francis. ": " a good person, a broken, iron saucepan, with charcoal scale, gradually to three two jins, forced drug choshi, make through red, Xu Tianhuo, half-day since, the drug has a flame, smell fishy, and

Like sulfur, medicine is put into cold out, such as a drug, there are five, very clever, and then on to net yellow wet, the paper, first lining box for medicine, the dense, make no ventilation. A night out in the burn, mortar fine grinding, water net Amoy black juice, concentrated charge, more fine and dense, Amoy, Amoy to three five degrees, clear water, with new tile box, inside lining paper, the tears dry. Such as black powder. " " This side " to obtain the effective: "chopped fine, with Kanabe Ko a filled, not letter, in a pit, with charcoal burning fire as a catty, sometimes cold, remove fine grinding, Silybum climate dry, but into the mortar for fine grinding surfaces such as, do not see stars of mercury. "

Vinegar natural copper

" Thunder gun sunburning theory ": " such as mining, to beat broken, with liquorice soup cooked together, to the Ming Luk, booth to dry, into a mortar smashed, heavy sieve, a night with vinegar, to the Ming, six one clay porcelain zygote, Yueshengde two l have to in the military, fire support three day and night, can with lid, fire and two volts, to the soil with cover, such as powder. If the repair is five two to two, Yi of vinegar. " " Three party ": " burned dark night, vinegar. " " St. Francis. ": " fire and red, with vinegar dip, and calcined dozens of times, water-washing ash. " " Benshi Fang ": " fire making, vinegar quenching twelve, grind, milk after baking. " Current, take the net natural copper, smashing into small pieces, a smokeless fire or device suitable container, with the fire heating calcining to dark red, then promptly put vinegar dip quenching, tempering and so on several times to dark brown, shiny surface disappeared and crisp, remove, cool. Every natural copper 100kg, 30kg with vinegar. Tempering, brittle, easy crushing and decocting efficacy, while enhancing the stasis analgesic effect. Dry storage container, the dry, dust.

Physical and chemical properties

Copper red, appear brown black oxide film. Copper red streak. Metallic luster. Opaque. No cleavage. Hardness of 2.5~3. Relative density of 8.4~8.95. A malleable, good electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity. Under the microscope: Rose, copper red. Reflectivity R:61 ( green ), 83 ( Orange ), 89 ( red ).

Identification characteristics of oxide film on the surface of copper red, dark brown, density, good extension. Often with malachite, azurite associated. Blowpipe flame in the fusible, flame is green ( Cu ).

Industrial application

Significant enrichment can be used as the mining of copper ore. Copper is a kind of purple red metal, ductility, good thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, melting point 1083.4? 0.2 ℃, 2567℃boiling point. With Zn, Pb, Ni, Al, Ti alloy. These properties make copper and its alloys are widely used in electrical appliances, vehicles, ships and civilian industrial apparatus.

Character identification

The product was six, 0.2-2.5cm in diameter, angle, light yellowish green; black or red brown streak. Surface smooth, sometimes visible as fine texture. Opaque; with metal luster. Weight, mass hard and brittle, easily broken, yellow-white section, with a metallic luster. Odorless, tasteless, but burning gas with sulfur. To pieces neatly, yellow and bright, section has a metallic luster is preferred. Some natural copper by weathering and become limonite, yellow brown or dark brown. After the broken pieces are dark brown; sometimes the internal clamp has a pale yellow block ( pyrite ).

Microscopic identification

The reflective polarizer: under reflected light show metallic luster, yellow copper; no cleavage. Heterogeneity.

Chemical identification

1 of the products of 1G powder, adding dilute hydrochloric acid 4ml, shaking, make its dissolution in vitro, cover a piece of test paper of lead acetate, static, paper gradually turned to brown. ( check the sulfide )

2 of the reacted solution, filtration.

①take the filtrate is added with potassium ferrocyanide solution, which generated the deep blue precipitate; separation, precipitation in dilute hydrochloric acid insoluble, but with sodium hydroxide solution, that is decomposed into a brown precipitate. ( check the ferric)

② the filtrate, and ammonium thiocyanate solution, namely the significant blood red. ( check the ferric)

Drug

Native copper is commonly used for activating blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis analgesic drugs.

The product is a sulfide minerals pyrite pyrite group. Pyrite

Morphology: the isometric. Crystal is a cube, aggregate is dense block. Surface light pale yellow, with a metallic luster; some yellow brown or tan, no metallic luster. Striated striate, green and black or brown red. Weight, hard or slightly brittle, easily broken. Yellow-white section, with a metallic luster; or section Tan, visible silvery white star. The hardness of 6 ~ 6.5. The proportion of 4.9 to 5.2.

[ ] habitat distribution produced in metal vein, sedimentary and igneous contact zone, is also found in metamorphic rocks. Distribution of Liaoning, Shanxi, Hebei, Sichuan, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Gansu, Anhui.

[ and ] annual all recoverable in mining area, pick, miscellaneous stone is removed.

[ ] the main chemical compositions containing pyrite ( FeS2 ).

[ ] spicy taste function, flat. Blood stasis, bone, pain.

[ usage] for treating traumatic swelling and pain, broken bones. Multiple input pills loose clothing; external grind end tune apply.

[ dosage]3 - 9g; topical amount.

Explanation: or chalcedony lead.

Smell: Xin, flat, non-toxic.

Attending: 1, heart pain. Natural copper, first by fire ( i.e. calcined red ), and then quenched in vinegar (i.e., dipped in vinegar to make wine, red heat dissipation back), quenching after forging, repeated nine times, finally grind into fine powder. Time to take a small mention dustpan, adjustable vinegar.

In 2, a gas gall ( under the skin, stretching into capsule, capsule is not water, but gas ). Natural copper dropped in the tank, the daily diet, using water. Time, self eliminating gas gall. Or the natural copper sintering flue gas, mouth suction can be.

3, summer dampness paralysis. Natural copper red wine, overnight, plus artillery of Aconitum carmichaeli, faeces, Atractylodes lancea ( wine dip ) in one or two, angelica two money, a total of leaching liquor. Dip after the removal, into balls, such as the great son of wu. Take seven pills each time, drink down. Eat to the numbness of the limbs are paralyzed, good performance, stop taking the medication.

In 4, fracture. Natural copper mill liquor clothing or using copper scraps and wine service, are effective, but bone connection, often cannot suit.

Modern research

Main components:

Natural copper containing pyrite, sulfur containing iron in 46.6%, 53.4%. Also report that it still contains copper, nickel, arsenic, antimony and other impurities. Pharmacological effects: promote fracture healing. The report points out, using the artificial method to make rabbit femoral fracture after, daily use of natural copper and tiger bone a half-and-half mixture 3G, a total of 1.5 months of service, enhancing fracture healing, bone callus growth is fast, more and more mature, the bending stress than the control group. Use alone is poorer . Containing natural copper compound bone powder (including natural copper, J., 19 kinds of rabbits per day ) to 3G, a total of 2～ 8 weeks, on radial fracture healing have stimulative effect, manifested as healing bone fracture traction than those in the control group.

Formula selection:

1 in the treatment of heart pain: natural copper fire calcined vinegar quenching nine, grind end, vinegar ( a suit. " Health easy short " )

2 for playing hurt: natural copper ( grind extremely fine, water over ), angelica, myrrh as money. To wine FM service, still by hand rub home. ( " Materia Medica " Commentaries )

3 treatment of falling fracture: natural copper ( calcined red vinegar quenching, seven, put the wet soil, with frankincense, myrrh, month ), angelica, notopterygium aliquots. For casual, each serving two money, wine, daily take again. " With Rhizoma Drynariae half, maraschino juice with vibrating cutter. ( " Zhang's medical " natural copper powder)

4 treatment under gas gall: natural copper storage jar, the daily diet, all with this water, the gall of self eliminating, or fire smoke, Hisaku also. ("Jen Jai at the party")

5 of all malignant sore treatment and fire soup: natural copper, litharge each one or two ( and then grind), licorice, Phellodendron amurense in two two ( and last ). Four flavor, a fine grinding, charge density in water, coated or dry enough. ( " Saint " natural copper powder. )

Combined utility:

Natural copper and myrrh all two Huoxue Zhitong power. And natural copper can bone continued reinforcement; myrrh can eliminate swelling, with Wu was used, with promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, bone continued reinforcement, eliminate swelling effect, used in the treatment of traumatic fracture pain, congestion and swelling.

Matters needing attention

Taboo: hyperactivity of fire due to yin deficiency, blood deficiency without silt not to suit.

Doctors of Medicine

" Natural copper osteosynthesis of reactive power, and copper scraps with, not up. But also bone, often cannot suit, even of regulating qi and activating blood circulation to Seoul. " ( " compendium of Materia Medica " )

" Natural copper is into the blood bank blood, sinew and bone medicine also broken. All is blood stasis pain, symplectic can dispel stasis of blood, breaking the gas accumulation, pain and injury to self and stop ." "" ( " Chinese materia medica Sutra " )

Pharmacological effect

In promoting fracture healing

In two ad, under the 1/3 site caused by bone in experimental fracture, daily gavage of 100% natural copper

Medicine 2L, continuous 5 ～ 20do 20d after fracture, the needle is infatuated calcium tablet, increased collagen content in soft; not fracture after 15d significantly enhanced; tensile stress and the bending stress than did controls enhancement. Atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of the results show that: the natural tin liquor contains large amounts of zinc, steel, iron, manganese, calcium and other elements. Calcium and inorganic absorption after the deposition of mineralization in bone callus, calcium, zinc, iron melt content increasing, manganese, in favor of collagen synthesis, steel can improve the lysyl oxidase activity, the collagen fiber toughness strengthening, collagen insoluble increases, thereby enhancing the biomechanical strength, while the stress stimulation of X can promote new bone formation. The native copper promote fracture healing. In addition, the natural copper can promote bone marrow and peripheral blood of reticular cells and hemoglobin hyperplasia.

Antifungal effects

In the test tube, natural steel tested a variety of pathogenic fungi have different levels of resistance to fungus effects, especially on the plaster like hair moss bacteria, filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus and strong interaction. The plaster like hair moss bacteria inoculated into the back of guinea pigs, resulting in guinea pig experimental model of body moss, then into the lesion site coated copper decoction, found naturally in steel on guinea pig experimental body moss has certain treating effect.

Toxicity

Mice by intravenous injection of natural copper Decoction for 1.9208/kg LD, forging copper is 3.83g/kg.

Commonly used formula

1 for playing hurt: natural copper ( grind extremely fine, water over ) with angelica, myrrh half the money. Wine with FM service, still by hand rub. ( " Materia Medica " Commentaries )

2 cure falling fracture: natural copper ( calcined red vinegar quenching, seven times, last month I put wet soil with frankincense, myrrh, angelica ), body, notopterygium. For the scattered, each serving two money, wine, daily take again. ( " Zhang's medical " natural copper powder) 3 cure heartache: natural fire copper forging, vinegar in quenching nine, to the end. Every aching, vinegar character.